Ethiopia has enacted a new law requiring every urban landholding and immovable property to be assigned a unique, non-replicable national identification code. The Urban Landholding Registration Proclamation No. 1381/2017, recently approved by the House of Representatives, aims to modernize the country’s land management system and enhance the accuracy and legitimacy of land-related transactions.The proclamation, passed with a majority vote amid two opposing votes and three abstentions, establishes a single-account system designed to ensure correct registration of landholdings, confirm ownership rights, and reduce disputes. It mandates that no identification code other than the special land tenure identification code created under this law can be used for land registration purposes.A key feature of the law is its updated definition of “cadaster,” now described as a comprehensive system that collects and organizes detailed information on land tenure and immovable property. This includes physical attributes such as land dimensions, bordering boundaries, topography, and cadastral maps. The clarification addresses previous ambiguities between “cadaster” and “registration” processes.The proclamation requires that up-to-date information on land rights, restrictions, and responsibilities be maintained both on paper and through digital registration systems. This dual approach leverages technology to improve accessibility and efficiency in managing land tenure data.To ensure compliance, the law imposes strict penalties on officials or practitioners who deliberately obstruct or delay registration processes. Violators face imprisonment from six months to two years and fines ranging from 5,000 to 20,000 birr. This provision underscores the government’s commitment to enforcing accurate and timely land registration.Under the new law, once the possession verification authority confirms that submitted documents meet the necessary criteria, the registration institution’s records serve as legal proof of ownership unless contrary evidence emerges. Applications for certificates of tenure rights can be submitted in person or online, accompanied by supporting documents.The proclamation is expected to facilitate clearer land boundaries, reduce conflicts, and provide a reliable foundation for land administration, urban planning, and economic development.